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Version: v1.9

CUE Basic

In this section, we will explain more about how KubeVela use CUE to encapsulate and abstract a given capability in Kubernetes in detail.

We'll start from some basic CUE knowledge first, if you don't have any idea of KubeVela Concept, don't worry! This doc is available for anyone who want to learn how to use CUE in practice quickly.

Overview​

The reasons for KubeVela supports CUE as a first-class solution to design abstraction can be concluded as below:

  • CUE is designed for large scale configuration. CUE has the ability to understand a configuration worked on by engineers across a whole company and to safely change a value that modifies thousands of objects in a configuration. This aligns very well with KubeVela's original goal to define and ship production level applications at web scale.
  • CUE supports first-class code generation and automation. CUE can integrate with existing tools and workflows naturally while other tools would have to build complex custom solutions. For example, generate OpenAPI schemas with Go code. This is how KubeVela build developer tools and GUI interfaces based on the CUE templates.
  • CUE integrates very well with Go. KubeVela is built with GO just like most projects in Kubernetes system. CUE is also implemented in and exposes a rich API in Go. KubeVela integrates with CUE as its core library and works as a Kubernetes controller. With the help of CUE, KubeVela can easily handle data constraint problems.

Pleas also check The Configuration Complexity Curse and The Logic of CUE for more details.

Prerequisites​

Please make sure below CLIs are present in your environment:

caution

Versions prior to KubeVela 1.6.0 use the v0.2.2 version of CUE, KubeVela 1.6.0+ uses the v0.5.0-alpha.1 version of CUE. Please use the CUE tool that matches your KubeVela version.

CUE CLI Basic​

Below is the basic CUE data, you can define both schema and value in the same file with the almost same format:

a: 1.5
a: float
b: 1
b: int
d: [1, 2, 3]
g: {
    h: "abc"
}
e: string

CUE is a superset of JSON, we can use it like json with following convenience:

  • C style comments,
  • quotes may be omitted from field names without special characters,
  • commas at the end of fields are optional,
  • comma after last element in list is allowed,
  • outer curly braces are optional.

CUE has powerful CLI commands. Let's keep the data in a file named first.cue and try.

  • Format the CUE file. If you're using Goland or similar JetBrains IDE, you can configure save on format instead. This command will not only format the CUE, but also point out the wrong schema. That's very useful.

    cue fmt first.cue

  • Schema Check, besides cue fmt, you can also use cue vet to check schema.

    cue vet first.cue

  • Calculate/Render the result. cue eval will calculate the CUE file and render out the result. You can see the results don't contain a: float and b: int, because these two variables are calculated. While the e: string doesn't have definitive results, so it keeps as it is.

    cue eval first.cue
    a: 1.5
    b: 1
    d: [1, 2, 3]
    g: {
    h: "abc"
    }
    e: string

  • Render for specified result. For example, we want only know the result of b in the file, then we can specify the parameter -e.

    cue eval -e b first.cue
    1

  • Export the result. cue export will export the result with final value. It will report an error if some variables are not definitive.

    cue export first.cue
    e: cannot convert incomplete value "string" to JSON:
        ./first.cue:9:4

    We can complete the value by giving a value to e, for example:

    echo "e: \"abc\"" >> first.cue

    Then, the command will work. By default, the result will be rendered in json format.

    cue export first.cue
    {
        "a": 1.5,
        "b": 1,
        "d": [
            1,
            2,
            3
        ],
        "g": {
            "h": "abc"
        },
        "e": "abc"
    }

  • Export the result in YAML format.

    cue export first.cue --out yaml
    a: 1.5
    b: 1
    d:
    - 1
    - 2
    - 3
    g:
      h: abc
    e: abc

  • Export the result for specified variable.

    cue export -e g first.cue
    {
        "h": "abc"
    }

For now, you have learned all useful CUE cli operations.

CUE Language Basic​

  • Data structure: Below is the basic data structure of CUE.
// float
a: 1.5

// int
b: 1

// string
c: "blahblahblah"

// array
d: [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

// bool
e: true

// struct
f: {
    a: 1.5
    b: 1
    d: [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
    g: {
        h: "abc"
    }
}

// byte
g: `byte`

// null
j: null
  • Define a custom CUE type. You can use a # symbol to specify some variable represents a CUE type.
#abc: string

Let's name it second.cue. Then the cue export won't complain as the #abc is a type not incomplete value.

cue export second.cue
{}

You can also define a more complex custom struct, such as:

#abc: {
  x: int
  y: string
  z: {
    a: float
    b: bool
  }
}

It's widely used in KubeVela to define templates and do validation.

CUE Templating and References​

Let's try to define a CUE template with the knowledge just learned.

  1. Define a struct variable parameter.
parameter: {
    name: string
    image: string
}

Let's save it in a file called deployment.cue.

  1. Define a more complex struct variable template and reference the variable parameter.
template: {
    apiVersion: "apps/v1"
    kind:       "Deployment"
    spec: {
        selector: matchLabels: {
            "app.oam.dev/component": parameter.name
        }
        template: {
            metadata: labels: {
                "app.oam.dev/component": parameter.name
            }
            spec: {
                containers: [{
                    name:  parameter.name
                    image: parameter.image
                }]
            }}}
}

People who are familiar with Kubernetes may have understood that is a template of K8s Deployment. The parameter part is the parameters of the template.

Add it into the deployment.cue.

  1. Then, let's add the value by adding following code block:
parameter:{
   name: "mytest"
   image: "nginx:v1"
}
  1. Finally, let's export it in yaml:
cue export deployment.cue -e template --out yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: mytest
        image: nginx:v1
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.oam.dev/component: mytest
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.oam.dev/component: mytest

Advanced CUE Schematic​

  • Using the (key) to use the value of the object as the new object name.
hello: "world"

(hello): "world2"
"my-\(hello)": "world3"
caution

In CUE v0.2.2, you need to use "\(hello)" to refer to objects. In high versions of CUE, it can be simplified to (hello).

  • Open struct and list. Using ... in a list or struct means the object is open.

    • A list like [...string] means it can hold multiple string elements. If we don't add ..., then [string] means the list can only have one string element in it.
    • A struct like below means the struct can contain unknown fields. 
      {
        abc: string   
        ...
      }

  • Operator |, it represents a value could be both case. Below is an example that the variable a could be in string or int type.

    a: string | int

  • Default Value, we can use * symbol to represent a default value for variable. That's usually used with |, which represents a default value for some type. Below is an example that variable a is int and it's default value is 1.

    a: *1 | int

  • Optional Variable. In some cases, a variable could not be used, they're optional variables, we can use ?: to define it. In the below example, a is an optional variable, x and z in #my is optional while y is a required variable.

    a ?: int

    #my: {
      x ?: string
      y : int
      z ?:float
    }
caution

Note that ?: and * cannot be used at the same time. If a variable has been specified as an optional variable, its default value will no longer take effect.

Optional variables can be skipped, that usually works together with conditional logic. Specifically, if some field does not exist, the CUE grammar is if _variable_ != _|_, the example is like below:

#Config: {
  name:  string
  value: string
}

parameter: {
    name: string
    image: string
    config?: [...#Config]
}
output: {
    ...
    spec: {
        containers: [{
            name:  parameter.name
            image: parameter.image
            if parameter.config != _|_ {
                config: parameter.config
            }
        }]
    }
    ...
}
  • Operator &, it used to calculate two variables.
a: *1 | int
b: 3
c: a & b

Saving it in third.cue file.

You can evaluate the result by using cue eval:

cue eval third.cue
a: 1
b: 3
c: 3
  • Conditional statement, it's really useful when you have some cascade operations that different value affects different results. So you can do if..else logic in the template.
price: number
feel: *"good" | string
// Feel bad if price is too high
if price > 100 {
    feel: "bad"
}
price: 200

Saving it in fourth.cue file.

You can evaluate the result by using cue eval:

cue eval fourth.cue
price: 200
feel:  "bad"

Another example is to use bool type as parameter.

parameter: {
    name:   string
    image:  string
    useENV: bool
}
output: {
    ...
    spec: {
        containers: [{
            name:  parameter.name
            image: parameter.image
            if parameter.useENV == true {
                env: [{name: "my-env", value: "my-value"}]
            }
        }]
    }
    ...
}

  • For Loop: if you want to avoid duplicate, you may want to use for loop.

    • Loop for Map

      parameter: {
          name:  string
          image: string
          env: [string]: string
      }
      output: {
          spec: {
              containers: [{
                  name:  parameter.name
                  image: parameter.image
                  env: [
                      for k, v in parameter.env {
                          name:  k
                          value: v
                      },
                  ]
              }]
          }
      }

    • Loop for type

      #a: {
          "hello": "Barcelona"
          "nihao": "Shanghai"
      }

      for k, v in #a {
          "\(k)": {
              nameLen: len(v)
              value:   v
          }
      }

      Note that we use "\( _my-statement_ )" for inner calculation in string, it's very useful!

    • Loop for Slice

      parameter: {
          name:  string
          image: string
          env: [...{name:string,value:string}]
      }
      output: {
        ...
           spec: {
              containers: [{
                  name:  parameter.name
                  image: parameter.image
                  env: [
                      for _, v in parameter.env {
                          name:  v.name
                          value: v.value
                      },
                  ]
              }]
          }
      }

    • If clause in Loop {}

    parameter: [
    {
        name: "empty"
    }, {
        name: "xx1"
    },
    ]

    dataFrom: [ for _, v in parameter {
    if v.name != "empty" {
        name: v.name
    }
    }]

    the result is:

    cue eval ../blog/a.cue -e dataFrom
    [{}, {
      name: "xx1"
    }]
    • If clause in Loop with condition
    parameter: [
    {
        name: "empty"
    }, {
        name: "xx1"
    },
    ]

    dataFrom: [ for _, v in parameter if v.name != "empty" {
    name: v.name
    }]

    the result is:

    cue eval ../blog/a.cue -e dataFrom
    [{
      name: "xx1"
    }]

Import CUE Internal Packages​

CUE has many internal packages which also can be used in KubeVela.

Below is an example that use strings.Join to concat string list to one string. 

import ("strings")

parameter: {
    outputs: [{ip: "1.1.1.1", hostname: "xxx.com"}, {ip: "2.2.2.2", hostname: "yyy.com"}]
}
output: {
    spec: {
        if len(parameter.outputs) > 0 {
            _x: [ for _, v in parameter.outputs {
                "\(v.ip) \(v.hostname)"
            }]
            message: "Visiting URL:\n" + strings.Join(_x, "\n")
        }
    }
}

Great, now you've learned all of the basic skills and best practices about how to use CUE!

If you want to learn more details of CUE, you can refer to the CUE official documentation or the well documented tutorials.

In the following sections, we'll start to learn how KubeVela use CUE to glue resources. Make sure you have learned the core concepts of KubeVela before that.

Next​